The Effect of the Industrial Revolution on Pollution Essay

The Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth and the eighteenth centuries brought about much of the base of today’s pollutants. A series of technological advances in machinery, such as the steam engine, along with a preponderance of other goods shifting from homes and small factories to large industrial settings brought about more and more pollution. The creation of more productive processing used to manufacture cotton textiles increased the number of mills located in England and eventually moved to the northeastern United States. The steam engine allowed businesses to transfer manufacturing plants was for rivers and other waterways to areas with densely populated urban zones. Pollution increased due to the concentration of these†¦show more content†¦As jobs grew in the last half of the nineteenth century, the amounts of pollution and land plundering and the area over which it took place dramatically increased. The railroads continued rapidly with this expansion. As the rails stretched westward pollution followed in St. Louis, Missouri, Chicago, Illinois and Detroit, Michigan and then Denver, Colorado; and Los Angeles, California. The twentieth century saw the fast rise in the development of industrial parks based on the chemical manufacturing of such items as dyes, plastics, and pharmaceuticals. The primary power source saw oil substituting coal as industries grew and become more prolific. The same time frame experienced drastic changes in the structure and organization of factories as they quickly converted to mass production techniques to keep up ever increasing demand. By the close of the twentieth century, companies had radical changes from plant-wide organizations to worldwide operations. The continued advancement of technology allowed large corporations to dictate the industrial landscape, and to have a most far-reaching effect on the environment. To counter the undesirable environ mental impact, the final years of the twentieth century saw an optimistic shift in emphasis into the environment to the elimination of potential pollution at its source. Rather than trying to correct problems that had already occurred, industry began to try to get ahead of the problem beforeShow MoreRelatedThe Biological Old Regime Occurred Between The 15th And 18th Centuries1497 Words   |  6 Pagesbe supported by agriculture. A shift in society occurred during the 19th century. This marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Although things became easier, it also negatively affected the ecosystem. The top important environmental consequences resulting from the Industrial Revolution are an increase in population, pollution, and global warming. The Industrial Revolution began in Britain during the late 1700s. It took place during the 18th and 19th centuries. Document 3 displays theRead MoreNegative Effects Of The Industrial Revolution923 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Agricultural Revolution gave leeway to the Industrial Revolution of the seventeenth and eighteenth hundreds. Previous landowners and investors of the Agricultural Revolution were able to start or participate Corporations and Businesses to seek great profit. New machinery and technological innovations were frequent due to the demand for faster, more efficient technology. Working class families, who were arguably the sole reason for the grand success of the Industrial Revolution, moved from theirRead MoreVivian Wang. Dr. Esson. European History . January 27,1283 Words   |  6 Pages2017 Early Stages of The Industrial Revolution In Britain: How Factories That Burned Coal Created Air Pollution In the long process of human history, with the occurrence of the industrial revolution, Britain was the first country to go through industrialisation. People give high marks on this industrial revolution, considering that it marks the beginning of a new era in human history; has passed the previous agricultural economy and has lead the human has into the industrial age. Today, however, whenRead MoreEssay On Environmental Pollution706 Words   |  3 PagesThe environmental pollution history is as old as life itself. At life’s beginning on Earth, man discovered the use of fire and burnt food for cooking food with the emitted smoke from it being the earliest environmental pollutants of this world. First forward to the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century and that was when the Earth experienced the highest rates of environmental pollution. After the machine invention from printing press and later motor vehicles, the pollution menace started envelopingRead MoreIndustrial Rev olution1094 Words   |  5 Pages The Industrial Revolution began in England during the 1700s and spread across Europe then North America, and eventually the world. This revolution assisted life but also made life more difficult as well. Gender roles were changed, products were made more efficiently and many jobs were created. This also meant that people lived in cramped houses, air pollution levels were high and people died of or suffered illnesses from working in factories. This essay will be discussing whether the IndustrialRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution: A Bad Habit Starter for Humans1477 Words   |  6 Pages The industrial revolution was a bad habit starter for humans. This revolution into the modern world created some bad habits that are detrimental to the earths quality in many aspects, such as biodiversity or the variant of living things each organism contributing to the ecosystem no matter how small, the rapidly increase in deforestation causing a loss of biodiversity plus more and more soil degradatio n which happens to affect the water quality and quantity. These problems can all be traced backRead MoreEssay about The Industrial Revolution1394 Words   |  6 PagesThe Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was a great leap in manufacturing technology that had many benefits to mankind. The standard of living was raised to a higher level, products were being made could be made more efficiently and with less production costs, and many people became able to support themselves and live a life away from their parents farm. Because of the reduction in production costs, the prices of goods could be reduced as well. This gave the poorer masses more accessRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On Society995 Words   |  4 Pages eventually affecting people’s land, increasing pollution, and promote unfair labor. Technological systems must have guidelines in order to avoid misuse of the newly developed technologies, society must also accept the technology and all of its proposed benefits and consequences. White’s assertion that society decides whether or not a technology should advance is reflected in the development of the railroad system during the Industrial Revolution. Members of the industry sector in the United StatesRead MoreIndustrial Pollution Has Impacted The Environment1078 Words   |  5 Pages Since the Industrial Revolutions, humans have progressed far into the 21st century beyond what our forefathers could ever imagine. With the development of new technology and the advancement of science, the age of manufacturing was born. Since then, industries have grown exponentially, expanding all over the world. Throughout this revolutionary venture, there was something that was completely overlooked until the late 1800s in America. That was industrial waste (http://www.deq.state.ok.us/lpdnew/wastehistory/wastehistoryRead MoreIndustrial Revolution : A Time Of Social And Economic Change1169 Words   |  5 PagesThe Industrial Revolution was a time of social and econom ic change which emphasized the power of humanity over nature. It was also an era of change which consisted of inventions that were mass produced to make life easier between 1750 and 1914. Although the Industrial Revolution led to efficient transportation and made Great Britain the center of world commerce, only the upper class got to truly enjoy that. The Industrial Revolution had spread to all around the world so the impact was more brutal

My Beliefs As A Christian And Reflection On The Sacraments...

iii. My Beliefs as a Christian and Reflection on the Sacraments: I believe that God has revealed God’s self to humans in three person of trinity – The father, Son and the Holy Spirit. Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and my personal Lord and Savior. I believe the Bible is the inspired Word of God. I believe Jesus died on the cross and rose again in three days to live and reign forever. I believe God’s love for us is immeasurable. Baptism is the initiating sacrament that welcomes an individual into the Body of Christ, while the Holy Communion continues to sustain the Body. These outward signs of inward grace help us to live out our relationship with God, follow Christ and live in covenant with the Body of Christ for the benefit, transformation and healing of the world. I believe that God has created me and other humans in God’s own image. As a redeemed believer and follower of Christ, the Holy Spirit has been at work throughout my life, sanctifying and enabling me to live into the person God has created me to be. I am living out my baptism with my love for God and my neighbor and am called to love and nurture those who are around me without any judgements. I see people feel hurt, struggle and feel lonely due to lack of love and care in their lives. I have had a couple of opportunities to witness children being baptized and their parents professing their belief that their child belongs to God and God lov es them. The baptismal water is a sign of initiation intoShow MoreRelatedEssay on A Christians View of Marriage1318 Words   |  6 PagesA Christians View of Marriage Some Christians believe that marriage should be the ultimate relationship. When two people get married they make a vow to stay in a life long committed relationship. . It is a Christian promise made before God and is significant and of great importance amongst all Christian denominations despite certain differences in opinions. However, sometimes a variety of different circumstances can affect the longevity of a marriage. For exampleRead MoreThe Practice Of The Eucharist1140 Words   |  5 Pagesthe bread and the wine to the Priest at the Altar. Then the priest blesses the bread and wine. After that the priest breaks the bread and says â€Å"Take this all of you and eat it this is my body which will be given up for you† he holds up the chalice of wine and says â€Å"Take this all of you and drink from it for this is my blood which has been given up for you†. The Priest then places the gifts on the altar in sacrifice, and volunteers then come up to the altar and takes the gifts to share with the communityRead MoreHistorical Context Of Paul Vi s Decree On Ecumenism1733 Words   |  7 PagesHistorical Context When Pope Paul VI published The Decree on Ecumenism: Unitatis Redintergratio in 1964, it signalled the Catholic Church’s official entrance into the Christian ecumenical movement. Historically, the ecumenical movement began when the World Missionary Conference first convened in 1910, establishing two ecumenical organs: Life and Works, and Faith and Order (Textbook). Prior to the promulgation of Unitatis Redintergratio, the Catholic Church’s view of the ecumenical movement was definedRead MoreStudy Bible History And Theology At Northeastern Seminary978 Words   |  4 Pageswas never in my plans, I know God orchestrated this opportunity. As I reflect, my preparation for seminary begin in 2005 when I had a desire to become a Christian Counselor for women and children. As a result, I enrolled in a Christian Counseling program offered by the American Association of Christians Counselors. When I completed the program, I discovered that in order to become certified I need ed a Master’s degree. Unfortunately, I did not have a college degree so I thought my dream to becomeRead MoreThe Most Formative Experience Of My Christian Life1828 Words   |  8 Pages Carmanie Bhatti’s Written Response to 310.2 a-d For The Board of Ordained Ministry, Northern Illinois Conference of the UMC    i.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Most Formative Experience of My Christian Life: I grew up in Pakistan with a diverse culture around me. Before moving to the U.S., the city I grew up in was a blend of people who lived there because of their jobs, education and business purposes. I learned that poverty, marginalization and violence, neither had a religion nor selects people of a specificRead More Background of the Catholic Church Essay4406 Words   |  18 Pagesdevout Catholic worship.1 From my personal experience I have found it difficult to accept the strict doctrines of the Catholic Church due to a social lifestyle that takes precedent. Secondly, I have appreciation for other religions, particularly Hinduism and sects within Christianity. My attitude does not necessarily correspond with that of the Catholic Church. Specifically, the Catholic Church perceives itself as the only divine route to Heaven. From my perspective, having been born and raisedRead MoreChristianity vs. Judaism Analysis1669 Words   |  7 PagesChristianity vs. Judaism Christianity and Judaism are two Abrahamic theologies that have comparable origins, but have various beliefs, practices and teachings. Founded in 1300 BC, Judaism is one of the oldest religions in the world today. The Jewish theology began with Abraham, who God sent to Canaan, where it all began. Hebrews took Judaism as their first religion. 14 million people classify themselves as Jewish worldwide today. Coming from Judaism, Christianity was founded in 30 ADRead MoreChristianity Broadly Consists Of 2.18 Billion People Out1943 Words   |  8 Pagesincarnate form of God. The population refers to these believers as Christians. Christians hold the biggest amount of followers in the world compared to every other religion, so with this being said they are people who should be studied and understood by others. Understanding Christians and being open minded to everything they believe is something very important because the odds are every individual will interact with a Christi an in daily life. The origin of Christianity can be seen in the NewRead MoreWorldview Paper for Nursing2338 Words   |  10 PagesTina Abraham Nyack College Professor Inseon Hwang NUR 301: Christian Nurse Christian Worldview: Christianity vs. Naturalism Introduction A worldview is not determined simply by a single factor, value, belief or view. It can be described as a collection of beliefs a person has about his or her life and the world around. This worldview can include aspects such as a consistent decision making process, an idea of what is right or wrong, and also who or what authority do I respect and follow. This viewRead MoreThe Church Of The Christian Faith1392 Words   |  6 PagesWesley believed that the living core of the Christian faith was revealed in Scripture, illumined by tradition, vivified in personal experience, and confirmed by reason. Stephen Gunter writes, Perhaps no theological topic has been the focus of more debate with The United Methodist Church over the past quarter century than the Wesleyan Quadrilateral . It should be noted that John Wesley never used the term Wesleyan Quadrilateral to describe his process of theological affirmation. The Wesleyan

An Introvert s Influence And Their Inherent Leadership Qualities Essay examples Example For Students

An Introvert s Influence And Their Inherent Leadership Qualities Essay examples Why is it a common belief that all leaders, whether they are entrepreneurs, presidents, or civil rights activists, are extroverts? According to Carl G. Jung, extroversion is defined as the â€Å"concentration of interest on the external object† (Helgoe, 2008, p. 5). Furthermore, Jung states that introversion is described as the â€Å"orientation in life through subjective psychic contents† (Helgoe, 2008, p. 5). Given these terms, it is expected that one would assume leaders to possess qualities of an extrovert rather than an introvert to sufficiently carry out their responsibilities and expand their power. However, introverts are frequently underestimated in terms of their abilities. Introverts are typically much more attentive. It is essential for leaders to be good listeners to practice a system of democracy which enables fairness in a working environment. Another unique characteristic of introverted people is that they are often composed and collected, providing a co mfortable setting. In addition, introverts prefer conversations that go into depth rather than small talk. This gives introverted leaders the advantage of making decisions with meticulousness. Thus, the distinct attributes that introverts possess are a source of great influence and power which contribute to the organizations they work for. Assuming the role of leadership is a tough position; several characteristics are required. Perhaps the most significant quality a leader must have is the ability to listen and to be vigilant in doing so. Contrary to introverts, extroverts are characterized as outgoing and emphatic people. In a working environment and as leaders, extroverts are viewed as those who assert their power with bold speeches and communicating regularly with everyone around them. Despite general belief, leadership is not simply about presenting one’s self as the dominant figure. It is about observing people, listening to their new ideas, and taking them into consideration. Introverts possess the innate skill of attentive listening and observation. As Moore (2014) argues, introverts are patient with others and they wait for people to communicate their proposals prior to announcing their own ideas. In actuality, not many people have this particular skill. It is evident that everyone has the sense of hear ing, but introverts take the time to process and analyze what they are hearing in depth to fully comprehend what is being expressed. For example, an introvert’s capability to take notice of what employees might have to say in a business meeting create a democratic organization which encourages workers to contribute more often. Moore (2014) explained that he has strived to become a more effective leader by â€Å"channeling his inner introvert† and hindering his tendency, as an extrovert, to interject with his own criticism (para. 6). To succeed in his attempt, Moore allowed his employees and their ideas to be placed at the center of attention. Introverted leaders proceed to influence their colleagues and peers on establishing respectable characteristics in the workforce. There is a common misconception that introverts are a rare anomaly; someone in the shadows. However, more than half of the world’s population consists of introverts (Helgoe, 2008). It is known that individuals who are introverted prefer a calm environment and regular solitude. An introvert’s preference to be alone reading a book on a Friday night rather than socializing with a group of friends for instance gives them an inner peace. In this case, introverts possess the quality of being calm and collected which is advantageous in a leadership role. There are various introverted leaders which benefited from these particular assets: Barack Obama, Mahatma Gandhi, and Charles Darwin (Cain, 2012). With a composed personality, leaders such as Obama and Gandhi can lead countries with a positive outlook and when conflicts arise, remain untroubled. Similarly, Darwin’s calm nature may have assisted him in appropriately responding to harsh criticisms of his work â€Å"On th e Origin of Species†, as opposed to becoming distressed. As Cain (2012) claims, â€Å"introverted leaders possess an inherent caution that may be more valuable than we realize† (para. 12). President Barack Obama is a prime example of influential introverts in roles of leadership. Being a composed individual means exuding calm. During periods of crisis, introverts will present a comforting and calm confidence as opposed to the overbearing confidence of an extrovert. It is Obama’s responsibility to keep crowds under control when conflicts arise. Therefore, introverts which often display composed attributes perform effectively in the position of a leader. With the embodiment of tranquility, comes the embodiment of power. .uc6933467d7a8ecc957675d751b77b240 , .uc6933467d7a8ecc957675d751b77b240 .postImageUrl , .uc6933467d7a8ecc957675d751b77b240 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc6933467d7a8ecc957675d751b77b240 , .uc6933467d7a8ecc957675d751b77b240:hover , .uc6933467d7a8ecc957675d751b77b240:visited , .uc6933467d7a8ecc957675d751b77b240:active { border:0!important; } .uc6933467d7a8ecc957675d751b77b240 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc6933467d7a8ecc957675d751b77b240 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc6933467d7a8ecc957675d751b77b240:active , .uc6933467d7a8ecc957675d751b77b240:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc6933467d7a8ecc957675d751b77b240 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc6933467d7a8ecc957675d751b77b240 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc6933467d7a8ecc957675d751b77b240 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc6933467d7a8ecc957675d751b77b240 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc6933467d7a8ecc957675d751b77b240:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc6933467d7a8ecc957675d751b77b240 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc6933467d7a8ecc957675d751b77b240 .uc6933467d7a8ecc957675d751b77b240-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc6933467d7a8ecc957675d751b77b240:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Qualities of Leadership EssayAn important aspect of being a leader is forming unique ideas. Since introverts favor meaningful conversations over small talk, they are likely to delve into issues and develop concepts methodically. A study conducted by Nussbaum (2002, p. 188) concluded that introverts argue with a coconstructive style while extroverts are more conflictual in their communication. Nussbaum’s (2002, p. 188) statistics showed that approximately 5.53% of extroverts and approximately 33.95% of introverts made design claims. Design claims are defined as outlines of how resolutions must be planned. These statistics are evidence that introverts do not only seek solutions to issues, but also go into depth and outline every detail in order to be fully prepared. For instance, when a business meeting is conducted, the leader of the group has a few responsibilities: he or she would have to be prepared prior to the meeting, be impartial for all employees and colleagues, and focus on detail. It is significant to include that unlike extroverted individuals, introverts will not comply with one side of an argument and aim for convincing people to take their side. Instead, introverts and particularly introverted leaders will concentrate on in-depth analysis and attempt to evaluate solutions (Nussbaum, 2002, p. 189). During a meeting, the introverted leader will ask detailed questions and expect detailed answers. With these answers, they contribute by developing distinct conclusions of their own. In a society where the qualities of an extrovert are valued such as skilled communication, a tendency for vigorous activity, or an authoritative attitude, introverts find a way to disprove the perpetuated stereotypes. Some of the most affluent and formidable leaders, from Barack Obama to Bill Gates and Rosa Parks, were and are introverts and this is no coincidence. Introversion supplies individuals with a myriad of valuable attributes including humbleness, a calm attitude, and methodical decision-making. Being an introvert, specifically an introverted leader, is an opportunity to consider things from a unique perspective and offer other individuals a source of influential power.

Need for Strategic Thinking in Business

Introduction Both classical and many other schools of strategic thinking have been used to describe the concept of business management strategy. Strategic thinking has become a major concern of many business organizations because of the need to achieve mutual benefits between the organization and the employees through proper management strategies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Need for Strategic Thinking in Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Proper strategies are necessary for the business to improve its productivity. Business productivity can never be improved without the member taking part in the strategy formulation (Lampel Mintzberg, 1999, p. 21). The reason for the emergence of these schools of strategic thinking is the question of why some strategies fail and others succeed. The main issues addressed in these schools are the factors that may cause these strategies to fail or succeed. Strategic thi nking is a mean of understanding the key drivers of business as well as improving the conventional thinking through dialoguing with members in the organization (Mintzberg, 1996, p. 96). The main objective of this essay is to present a Critical Analysis of the fundamental concepts of the ‘Classical’ schools and other schools of strategic thinking. Critical Analysis of the Classical School of Strategic Thinking The classical schools of management are based on the assumption that the employees only pursue the economical and the physical needs which are their source of satisfaction. The school assumes away the social and job satisfaction needs of the workers. Though the school argues that these needs are either absent or are not important in the course of the service offered by the employees, the claim is without clear attestation. The main focus of the school is high labor specialization and bureaucratic process of decision making where decisions are made from a central po int. Profit maximization is also a major concern of the school. This indicates that the social and job satisfaction needs of the employees are locked out in the proposed management strategy (Whittington, 1993, p. 9). The classical school of strategic thinking was developed during the industrial revolution when factories in the industries faced management problems. There were vast labor dissatisfactions and the management was unsure of how to deal with the situation. The other issue was how to train the employees to make them loyal members of the organizations. The key objective of this school of thought was to determine the best way that could be used to undertake and manage tasks (CliffsNotes, 2010, p. 1). In this sense, the classical school was meant to solve the management problems related to labor dissatisfaction for the betterment of the industries but with less concern about the social life and job satisfaction of the employees. The classical school of strategic thinking was b roadly categorized into classical administrative school and the classical scientific school of thought.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Classical Scientific School The major concern of this school was productivity and efficiency within the industries. The school assumed that productivity and efficiency could be achieved through close examination of the work process and the skills possessed by the work force (Steiner, 1979, p. 18). The main aim was to ensure that the most work is done and that the workforce has the most desired skills to do the work. This could not hold in the sense that despite the excellent skills of the work force, their productivity will be very low if job satisfaction is not realized. The best motivation of the workforce comes from within and is evident when job satisfaction is met. The main proponents of the scientific classical school are Lillian G ilbreth, Fredrick Taylor, Gantt and Frank whose contribution led to the development of the school. Taylor, for instance, believed that tasks study and precise procedure development would improve productivity in an organization. He advocated increase of working hours and reduction of the workforce accompanied by increased payment to workers who meets the high standards of production. He thought that paying more money for extra time worked will motivate the workers and improve production. The reality however is that, overworking workers will in the long run reduce labor productivity and quality of work (Cunningham Lischeron, 1991, p. 49). These proponents argued that there should be procedures for performing jobs and that work should be shared between the employees. They proposed also that workers should be developed and trained to perform certain duties but should not be left to choose their own tasks. However, allowing workers to choose their own tasks would be more effective becaus e they choose what they feel they are competent to handle. The Classical Administrative School This school proposed bureaucratic management principles in organizations. The proponents argued that the organization should have a formal structure that will be followed by the stakeholders. This structure will allow formal flow of information from the highest rank to the lowest (Steiner, 1969, p. 12). Power was believed to flow from a centralized place. Max Weber, one of the proponents of this school, argued that, every organization should have a bureaucratic structure characterized by specified principles. For instance, every structure should have a well defined hierarchy, labor division and specialization, specific rules and regulations, work based relationship between employees and their bosses, employment based on competence and a concise record of activities of the organization. Henri Fayol also had the same idea as Weber but his process was enriched with other aspects like team wor k strategy, equity and stability of tenure of personnel. The administrative school concentrated on the total organization where emphasis was laid on the development of managerial principles in an organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Need for Strategic Thinking in Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The proponents of the administrative school based their study on the flow of information in an organization. Their main emphasis is to understand how the organization operates and how it can be improved to increase the performance (Porter, 1980, p. 23).   One of the greatest proponents of this school, Max Weber, argued that, the organization should not be managed personally because people will be loyal to their personal supervisors instead of the organization itself. Weber believes in a bureaucratic structure of the organization where there are rules to be followed by the members of the organization.à ‚   This way, he believed, would detach the organization from the personalized management.   He condemned the European organizations for personalizing their management which he described as family-like system of management. The other proponents of the administrative school include Henri Fayol, Mary P.F., and Chester B. whose contributions were very significant in the development of the school. The classical administrative school as the scientific school did not address the issue of social needs and the job satisfaction needs of the employees. They both seem to be organization oriented and any strategy laid is meant to benefit the organization through profit maximization and engaging the workforce into long working hours. The targeted production level may not be achieved unless the employees are full satisfied. Critical Analysis of Other Schools of Strategic Thinking Besides the classical schools of strategic thinking, more schools of thought have been developed in order to describ e the concept of strategy in business management. The classical schools have failed in some instances to describe the best way that could be employed for effective business management strategies. The question that has brought about the emergence of these schools is why some strategies fail while others succeed (Miller, 1987, p. 561). One of these schools is The Planning School that describes strategy systems as conscious processes of formal planning (Mintzberg, 1990, p. 171). In this sense, the organization strategist formally communicates the strategic decisions to the whole organization. This school argues that the strategy systems are subject to control and can be decomposed in to various distinct steps (Ansoff, 1987, p. 13). Strategies therefore are not spontaneous activities but are planned in a formal manner and can be achieved in stages as per the formally planned time line. The members of the organization are therefore aware of the strategies taken. The other school is The D esign School of strategic thinking. This school describes strategy systems as processes of conception and deliberate action of conscious thought (Goold, 1992, p. 169).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this case, the strategies are based on individualized design and are very informal. This school also asserts that the chief executive officer has the responsibility of controlling the strategy systems in the organization. In the real sense, the CEO alone cannot manage the whole responsibility of strategy formulation but the whole organization members need to be involved (Ansoff, 1987, p. 513). The Positioning School of Strategic Thinking has its roots in economics. It is mostly focused on the external environment. The organization has analysts that assesses the external environment and propose the course of action. This school describes the strategy systems as analytical processes that are carried out by the analysts in the organization. The strategies of business management are described as being identifiable and generic in nature (Chakravarty, 2005, p. 1). The Entrepreneurial School on the other hand argues that, the strategies are long-term plans of the organization and that t hey define the vision of the organization (Segars Grover, 1999, p. 202). Leaders in this case are assumed to have entrepreneurial skills which they apply to formulate the strategies of the organization. This could be very insightful if the leaders keeps watch on the changing business environment and base their decision on the observations they make (Cunningham Lischeron, 1991, p. 55). There is also Cognitive School whose notions are based on psychology. The school describes that there are cognitive processes in the mind of the strategist and they determine the success of the strategies implemented. The strategies undertaken in this case depends on the strategist himself. He comes up with the strategies he finds best applicable in the situation of the enterprise. The Learning School is also based on psychology of the strategists and the strategy systems are taken to be processes that are learnt over time. The behavior of the enterprises is unpredictable and there is therefore need t o learn many strategies that could be used if needs arise. Strategies learned are plans for the future and are based on experience (McKiernan, 1997, p. 796). The Power School of strategic thinking asserts that strategies are a result of power game within the organization and is therefore believed to have its roots in politicology (French, 2009, p. 59). The strategies are therefore shaped by the power and politics within the organization. The strategies may not be perspective in nature but may take the form of positions that may not improve the organization performance. They may not be need oriented but based on greed for power. The other school is Environmental School which has its origin in biology. This school describes strategy systems as reactive processes resulting from the reactions of the organization to the external environment (Kemp Ashish, 2003, p. 1). The prevailing environmental conditions are the main determinants of the next move to be taken by the organization. For i nstance, the change in the dimension of competition in the market will necessitate the organization to come up with strategies that will make the organization more competitive. The Cultural School argues that the strategies undertaken by the organization depends on the cultural interaction of the members within the organization. The school is based on anthropology and describes strategy systems as collective processes of social interaction of members in the organization. According to Kotter (1995, p. 5), the strategies are taken as the result of social interactions of both junior and senior employees within the organization. The members are the ones that determine the next course to be taken by the organization depending on the current needs and prevailing business environment. Their decision may not result in the same strategies every time. The last school in this list is called The Configuration School that describes strategy as a form of organizational transformation (Miller, 198 6, p. 236). In this sense, the strategies are taken as changing plans of the organization that transforms the focus and functioning of the organization. The strategies are constantly replaced by new ones depending on the prevailing needs of the organization. This is contrary to the beliefs of the administrative classical school that proposes a fixed bureaucratic procedure in the organizations. The same strategy may not apply in all circumstances. Some situations will demand the strategies to be revamped (Drucker, 2010, p.16). Conclusion The strategy systems are a complex process defined by several factors that are described in the above schools of strategic thinking. The concepts in these schools are interrelated in one way or another and are all focused on understanding the concept of business management strategies. Reference List Ansoff, I., 1987. The Emerging Paradigm of Strategic Behavior. Chichester: Strategic  Management Journal, 8(2), 1987pp.501-515. Chakravarty, M., 2005. The 10 schools of strategic planning. [e-book] India: rediff.com India Limited. Web. CliffsNotes. 2010. CliffsNotes.com. Classical Schools of Management. [e-book] New York: Wiley Publishing, Inc. Web. Cunningham, B., Lischeron, J. 1991. Defining Entrepreneurship. Journal of Small  Business Management, 29(1), 1991 pp.45-59. Drucker, P. F., 2010. The Theory of the Business. Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing. French, S., 2009. Re-thinking the foundations of the strategic business process. Journal of Management Development, 28(1), 2009 pp. 51-76. Goold, M., 1992. Research Notes And Communications Design, Learning And Planning: A Further Observation On The Design School Debate. Strategic Management Journal (1986-1998); Feb 1992; 13, 2; ABI/INFORM Global pg. 169. Kemp, J. Ashish, J., 2003. The 9 Schools of Strategic Thinking. [e-book]New York: The Free Press. Web. Kotter, J.P., 1995. Leading Change: Why Transformation Efforts Fail. Boston: Harvard Business School publishing. Lampel, J. Mintzberg, H., 1999. Reflecting on the strategy process. Sloan  Management Review; spring 1999; 40, 3; ABI/INFORM Global pg. 21. McKiernan, P., 1997. Strategy past: Strategy futures. Oxford Long Range Planning, 30(5), October 1997 pp. 790-798(9). Miller, D., 1986. Configurations of Strategy and Structure: Towards a Synthesis. Strategic Management Journal ,7(3), 1986: 233–249. Miller, D., 1987. The genesis of configuration. The Academy of Management Review. 12(4), 1987. 556-701. Mintzberg, H., 1990. The Design School: Reconsidering The Basic Premises of Strategy management. Strategic Management Journal, 11(3), 1990 pg. 171. Mintzberg, H., 1996. Reply to Michael Goold. California Management Review, 38(4), 1996 pg. 96. Porter, M.E., 1980. How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy. New York: The Free Press. Segars, H. Grover, V., 1999. Profiles of Strategic Information Systems Planning. Information System Research, 10(3), 1999. Pp. 199-232. Steiner, G.A., 1969. Top Man agement Planning. Toronto: Collier-Macmillan. Steiner, G. A., 1979. Strategic Planning, What Every Manager Must Know. New York: The Free Press. Whittington, R., 1993. What is Strategy and does it matter. London: Rountledge. This essay on Need for Strategic Thinking in Business was written and submitted by user Eli W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.